lyndon b johnson civil rights act

President Johnson also made two political appointmentsRobert Weaver as secretary of Housing and Urban Development and Thurgood Marshall as associate Supreme Court justice. He signed it with the support of various leaders and groups in the Civil Rights Movement, including the NAACP, SNCC, Martin Luther King, Jr., and John Lewis. Text for H.R.230 - 118th Congress (2023-2024): To award a Congressional Gold Medal to Lyndon Baines Johnson, the 36th President of the United States whose visionary leadership secured passage of the landmark Voting Rights Act of 1965, Social Security Amendments Act (Medicare) of 1965, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Higher Education Act of 1965, and Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965. ", According to Caro, Robert Parker, Johnson's sometime chauffer, described in his memoir Capitol Hill in Black and Whitea moment when Johnson asked Parker whether he'd prefer to be referred to by his name rather than "boy," "nigger" or "chief." President Lyndon B. Johnson led the national effort to pass the Act. Johnson was a man of his time, and bore those flaws as surely as he sought to lead the country past them. Courtesy of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum, Austin, Texas (267.01.00) He advanced to the Senate in the November 1948 election, later landing the bodys most powerful post, majority leader, before resigning after his ascension to vice president in the 1960 elections. Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. The attacks were on national television, sparking public outrage. Did any presidents live elsewhere during their administrations? On 22 November 1963, at approximately 2:38 p.m. (CST), Lyndon B. Johnson stood in the middle of Air Force One, raised his right hand, and inherited the agenda of an assassinated president. 1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272, Congress and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Advisory Committee on the Records of Congress. But when the two aligned, when compassion and ambition finally are pointing in the same direction, then Lyndon Johnson becomes a force for racial justice, unequalled certainly since Lincoln. The Civil Rights Act made it possible for Johnson to smash Jim Crow. Caro: The reason its questioned is that for no less than 20 years in Congress, from 1937 to 1957, Johnsons record was on the side of the South. The Civil Rights Act was later expanded to include provisionsfor the elderly, the disabled, and women in collegiate athletics. Create your account. 20006, Florida President Lyndon Johnson signed it into law just a few hours after it was passed by Congress on July 2, 1964. Learn about Lyndon B. Johnsons Civil Rights Act of 1964, how it was passed, and what it did. L.B.J he became president after John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22nd, 1963 and L.B.J took office the next day. LBJ was a champion of civil rights. We believe that all men are entitled to the blessings of liberty. ", Says U.S. Rep. John Carter "hasnt held a town hall in five years. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. So it would be tempting, on the 50th anniversary of the Civil Rights Act, as Johnson is being celebrated by no less than four living presidents, to dismiss Johnson's racism as mere code-switching--a clever ploy from an uncompromising racial egalitarian whose idealism was matched only by his political ruthlessness. ", Says Beto ORourke "voted to shield MS-13 gang members from deportation.". The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin illegal in the United States. He grew up in rural poverty in Southwest Texas. In Montgomery, Alabama, African-Americans boycotted public busses for 13 months during the Montgomery bus boycott from December 1954 to December 1955. Constantine, read more, Alarmed by the growing encroachment of whites settlers occupying Native American lands, the Shawnee Chief Tecumseh calls on all Native peoples to unite and resist. Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check. The main provision of the Civil Rights Act was to prohibit discrimination based on race, sex, religion, color, or nationality. Have you come to any conclusions about that? On July 2, 1964, Lyndon B Johnson sat down in front of an audience including luminaries like Martin Luther King, and signed the Civil Rights Act into law. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 also inspired Johnson's War on Poverty, a program designed to help underclass Americans. As Eric Foner recounts in Reconstruction, the Civil War wasn't yet over, but some Union generals believed blacks, having existed as a coerced labor class in America for more than a century, would nevertheless need to be taught to work "for a living rather than relying upon the government for support.". The VRA prohibited discriminatory voting practices like literacy tests and poll taxes. But that wouldn't be true. In 1821-1822, Susan Decatur requested the construction of a service wing. After using more than 75 pens to sign the bill, he gave them away as mementoes of the historic occasion, in accordance with tradition. The act was later expanded and made more stringent by legislating many other laws like voting rights act which gave many slaves and every American citizen the right . On November 22, 1963, Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as the 36th President of the United States of America upon the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. In conservative quarters, Johnson's racism -- and the racist show he would put on for Southern segregationists -- is presented as proof of the Democratic conspiracy to somehow trap black voters with, to use Mitt Romney's terminology, "gifts" handed out through the social safety net. "My fellow citizens, we have come now to a time of testing. His speech appears below. So at best, that assessment is short sighted and at worst, it subscribes to the idea that blacks are predisposed to government dependency. 2023 Iowa Department of Cultural Affairs. After Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963, Johnson vowed to carry out his proposals for civil rights reform. After an 83-day debate, which filled 3,000 pages of Congressional Record, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 passed the Senate. In the landmark 1954 case Brown v.. He appealed widely to Southern voters who still supported segregation. By the time Johnson entered the Senate in 1948, however, he had moved strategically to the. Revolution and the New Nation (1754-1820s), Development of the Industrial United States (1870-1900), Great Depression and World War II (1929-1945), Contemporary United States (1968 to the present), Votes for Women Digital Education Package, President Lyndon B. Johnson Signs 1968 Civil Rights Act, April 11, 1968. When Caro asked segregationist Georgia Democrat Herman Talmadge how he felt when Johnson, signing the Civil Rights Act, said"we shall overcome," Talmadge said "sick.". What Did President George H.W. stated on October 22, 2018 a rally for Republican candidates in Houston: stated on October 16, 2018 a debate televised from San Antonio: stated on October 1, 2018 response cited in an interactive voter guide: stated on September 29, 2018 an Austin rally: stated on September 21, 2018 a debate at Southern Methodist University: stated on August 26, 2018 an interview on Fox & Friends: stated on August 28, 2018 an online video ad: stated on August 21, 2018 an interview on Spectrum Cable's "Capital Tonight": stated on July 26, 2018 an ad in the Houston Defender: stated on March 3, 2023 in a Conservative Political Action Conference speech: stated on February 19, 2023 in a Facebook post: stated on February 24, 2023 in an Instagram post: stated on March 2, 2023 in a speech at CPAC: stated on February 25, 2023 in a Facebook post: stated on February 22, 2023 in a Facebook post: stated on February 26, 2023 in an Instagram post: stated on February 27, 2023 in a Facebook post: All Rights Reserved Poynter Institute 2020, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, Brown v. Board of Education was never about sending Black children to white schools. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. The students from all over the country worked with Civil Rights groups, including the NAACP, SNCC, and the SCLC. Johnson, who had supported civil rights since his time in the Senate, used his political prowess to manage Congress and create bipartisan coalitions to get the bill approved by both halves of Congress. 1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272. St. Petersburg, FL The pair were attempting to fly around the world when they lost their bearings during the most challenging leg of read more, On July 2, 1917, several weeks after King Constantine I abdicates his throne in Athens under pressure from the Allies, Greece declares war on the Central Powers, ending three years of neutrality by entering World War I alongside Britain, France, Russia and Italy. The act prohibited discrimination in public facilities and the workplace based on race,. It was the single biggest piece of civil rights legislation since Reconstruction, nearly 100 years earlier. LBJ Champions the Civil Rights Act of 1964 En Espaol Summer 2004, Vol. She has worked as a Sewell Undergraduate Intern at the John L. Nau III Center for Civil War History at the University of Virginia and also as a teaching assistant with the A. Linwood Holton Governor's School. When Parker said he would, Johnson grew angry and said, "As long as you are black, and youre gonna be black till the day you die, no ones gonna call you by your goddamn name. Fernsehansprache von Prsident Lyndon B. Johnson bei der Unterzeichnung des Civil Rights Acts (2. Thousands of Images covering the History of the White House, Official White House Ornaments, Books & More. Johnson also sets out his plan for enforcing the law and asks citizens to remove injustices . The Decatur House Slave Quarters. 1800 I Street NW After Johnson's death, Parker would reflect on the Johnson who championed the landmark civil rights bills that formally ended American apartheid, and write, "I loved that Lyndon Johnson." Lyndon B. Johnson. He remained in the House until World War II, when he served with the Navy in the Pacific, winning the Silver Star. On July 2, 1977, Hollywood composer Bill Conti scores a #1 pop hit with the single Gonna Fly Now (Theme From Rocky). Bill Conti was a relative unknown in Hollywood when he began work on Rocky, but so was Sylvester Stallone. Says he "did not try to leave the scene of the accident" that led to his arrest for driving while intoxicated. Why would President Johnson make these references in his speech? First he. He genuinely believed in the act, stating once that ''we believe that all men have certain unalienable rights. President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with at least 75 pens, which he gave to members of Congress who supported the bill as well as civil rights leaders, like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964, the landmark Civil Rights Act outlawed discrimination and segregation regardless of race or c. I feel like its a lifeline. Lyndon B Johnson for kids - The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Summary of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law by Lyndon Johnson on July 2, 1964 ending the power of the Jim Crow laws racial segregation and discrimination. In addition, the act included what is commonly known today as Title IX, which specifically prohibits workplace discrimination, and Title VII, which created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). On June 2, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act, which was the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the 1964 Civil Rights Act as Martin Luther King Jr. and others look on in the East Room of the White House, July 2, 1964. The civil-rights movement had the extraordinary figure of Lyndon Johnson. It formally outlawed discrimination in public facilities and programs with federal funding. In addition, the bill laid important groundwork for a number of other pieces of legislationincluding the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which set strict rules for protecting the right of African Americans to votethat have since been used to enforce equal rights for women as well as all minorities and LGBTQ people. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Photo of electric charging station powered by diesel generator is emblematic of the electric vehicle movement. They found in him an . Working with leaders like MLK and the NAACP leadership, Kennedy had been performing political gymnastics publicly and privately to get this act passed. The act also authorized the Office of Education (today the Department of Education) to desegregate public schools and prohibited the use of federal funds for any discriminatory programs. The Civil Rights Act made it possible for Johnson to smash Jim Crow. Overall, a higher percentage of Republicans voted to pass the Civil Rights Act than Democrats in both the Senate and House of Representatives. What are the dimensions of the White House? The fifth girl survived, though she lost an eye. President Lyndon B. Johnson, 1964 State of the Union Address. Both Presidents Kennedy and Johnson worked to see the Act written into law. Hungarian oil refineries and storage tanks, important to the German war read more. Lyndon B. Johnson - The American Promise Speech on the Voting Rights Act. Most protest attempts by African Americans faced violence from whites, especially in the South. READ MORE:The Long Battle Towards the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Memorable landmarks in the struggle included the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955sparked by the refusal of Alabama resident Rosa Parks to give up her seat on a city bus to a white passengerand the I Have a Dream speech by Martin Luther King Jr. at a rally of hundreds of thousands in Washington, D.C., in 1963. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin illegal in the United States. The act outlawed segregation in businesses such as theaters, restaurants, and hotels. 73, enacted April 11, 1968) is a landmark law in the United States signed into law by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during the King assassination riots.. With the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act, the segregationists would go to their graves knowing the cause they'd given their lives to had been betrayed,Frank Underwood style, by a man they believed to be one of their own. Johnson also was concerned for the plight of the poor in working to achieve civil rights, as his time teaching Mexican American students who struggled with racism and poverty imacted his future political career. Johnson used this public outrage to pass the Voting Rights Act, which eliminated the literacy test, one of the last vestiges of Jim Crow voting restrictions. Lyndon Johnson signs Civil Rights Act into law, with Maritn Luther King, Jr. direclty behind him. degrees in English and History from the University and an M.A. It also inspired his work in the War on Poverty, which looked to alleviate the struggles of Americans living in poverty, the majority of whom were black. Says Beto ORourke said hes grateful that people are burning or desecrating the American flag. The act prohibited discrimination in public facilities and the workplace based on race, color, gender, nationality, or religion. Various lawsuits were filed in opposition to forced desegregation, claiming that Congress did not have that sort of authority over the American people. In the wake of the ugly violence perpetuated against civil rights marchers in Selma, Alabama in 1965, Johnson adapted the "We Shall Overcome" mantra in this call for the country to end racial discrimination. In November 1963, Johnson became President after Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Over 200,000 demonstrators gathered on the National Mall that August. In the 1960 campaign, Johnson, as John F. Kennedy's running mate, was elected Vice President. Johnson was moderate on race issues during his career in Congress; however, he did not work so diligently for the Civil Rights Act simply because he inherited it and the Civil Rights Movement as a political issue from Kennedy. Place used White House, Washington, District of Columbia, United States, North and Central America Classification Memorabilia and Ephemera Movement Civil Rights Movement Type fountain pens Topic Civil rights Law Local and regional Politics Race . A reader guided us to excerpts of an interview with historian Robert Caro, who has written volumes on Johnsons life, presented on the Library of Congress blog Feb. 15, 2013. Question For LBJ's first 20 years on the hill he was a committed segregationist. It is perhaps the most famous example of the Civil Rights Movement going through the courts to achieve its goals; it was also the catalyst for a nationwide debate on Civil Rights and legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1957. Then when he was president he passed the Civil Rights Act into law, the act guaranteed stronger voting rights, equal employment opportunities, and all Americans the right to use public facilities. He fought in battles between read more, Theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking breaks British publishing records on July 2, 1992 when his book A Brief History of Time remains on the nonfiction bestseller list for three and a half years, selling more than 3 million copies in 22 languages. Like Lincoln, Johnsons true motives on promoting racial equality have been questioned. Lyndon Johnson said the word "nigger" a lot. Once, Caro writes, the stunt nearly ended with him being beaten with a tire iron. In a world of wild talk and fake news, help us stand up for the facts. While Johnson had inherited Kennedy's proposed Civil Rights Act of 1963, he made the legislative agenda his own. USA.gov, The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration It also eliminated voting restrictions like literacy tests. As the strength of the civil rights movement grew, John F. Kennedy made passage of a new civil rights bill one of the platforms of his successful 1960 presidential campaign. He said, In our system the first and most vital of all our rights is the right to vote. To that end, he formed a Congressional coalition of moderate Republicans and Democrats from Northern and border states. Though Johnson was from the South, he had worked to pass civil rights legislation before. The Civil Rights Movement fought against Jim Crow laws. President Lyndon Johnson signed the bill on July 2, 1964. Southern Democrats and other opponents of the act launched a filibuster that lasted for 57 days, the longest in history. LBJ, a beer-swilling, blunt-speaking Texan, didn't shy from using what today we refer to as The N Word. Thoughthe Fair Housing Actnever fulfilled its promise to end residential segregation, it was another part of a massive effort to live up to the ideals America's founders only halfheartedly believed in -- a record surpassed only by Abraham Lincoln. Read more: Clifford Alexander, Jr., "Black Memoirs of the White House--LBJ," American Visions, February-March, 1995, 42-43. The Supreme Court essentially declared Jim Crow segregation constitutional with the decision of Plessy v. Ferguson in 1895. It was Lyndon Johnson who neutered the 1957 Civil Rights Act with a poison pill amendment that required . He instituted programs like the Great Society and the War on Poverty. One such incident occurred at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, on September 15, 1963. Throughout his career, Johnson supported the quest of African-Americans for political and civil rights. Similarly, White House spokesman Eric Schultz answered our request for information with emailed excerpts from Means of Ascent, the second volume of Caros books on Johnson. The filibuster brought the bill and Senate to a near-stop as the debate raged. Bush Accomplish? He was also the greatest champion of racial equality to occupy the White House since Lincoln. In this photograph taken by White House photographer Cecil Stoughton, President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the 1964 Civil Rights Act in the East Room of the White House. Maybe when Johnson said "it is not just Negroes but all of us, who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry," he really meant all of us, including himself. These particular abilities served him well in working to pass the Civil Rights Act, taking a ''no compromise'' strategy. After a long battle in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, the bill that outlawed Jim Crow segregation in publicly funded schools, transportation systems, and federal programs, as well as restaurants and other public places, was made the law of the land. One of the first pens went to King, leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), who called it one of his most cherished possessions. Dirksen ultimately ended the filibuster, guiding the bill through a series of compromise discussions that eventually made it palatable for the majority. My fellow Americans: Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act into law, July 2, 1964. The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, national origin, religion, or sex ; . However, measures such as literacy tests and poll taxes were used by many states to continue the disenfranchisement of African-Americans and Jim Crow laws helped those same states to enforce segregation and condone race-based violence from groups like the Ku Klux Klan. 36, No. Lyndon B Johnson for kids - Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) He used these skills to help many of Eisenhower's legislative goals find success. Source National Archives. Miller Center. Editor's note:Readers may find some language included to be offensive. President Johnson discussed the importance of the law in relation to the founding concepts and beliefs of the United States. particularly in the run-up to passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The most sweeping civil rights legislation passed by Congress since the post-Civil WarReconstruction era, the Civil Rights Act prohibited racial discrimination in employment and education and outlawed racial segregation in public places such as schools, buses, parks and swimming pools. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 was a landmark law in the United States signed into law by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson provided an avenue for equal housing opportunities regardless of race, creed or national origin and made it a federal crime to "by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone by reason Many years passed with minimal action taken to enforce civil rights. IE 11 is not supported. Although that document had proclaimed that "all men are created equal," such freedom had eluded most Americans of African descent until the Thirteenth Amendment . The House introduced 100 amendments, all designed to weaken the bill. Definition. Even groups like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) fought in this movement. he reportedly referred to the Civil Rights Act of 1957 as the "nigger bill" in more than one . 1 / 10. While this response was not necessarily the attitude held by all Southerners, it demonstrates that a large majority's ideas regarding race relations did not change when the law passed. That was the case for Johnson, who broke this pattern by steering passage of civil rights acts starting in 1957. ), Obama said that during Johnsons "first 20 years in Congress, he opposed every civil rights measure that came up for a vote.". Many people approach the decor of their homes as a reflection of oneself. : 1964. Leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr. (MLK), Medgar Evers, John Lewis, and Malcolm X were key players in the Civil Rights Movement. In 1948, after six terms in the House, he was elected to the Senate. The Supreme Court ruled against those lawsuits in each case it heard. So, Obama was speaking to Johnsons position on civil rights measures from spring 1937 to spring 1957, a stretch encompassing many votes. The Voting Rights Act made the U.S. government accountable to its black citizens and a true democracy for the first. Despite the new legal requirements for civil rights, the new law did not necessarily change cultural norms. Its passage also paved the way for two other major pieces of legislation: the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. The President notes the discrepancies between the freedoms outlined in the Constitution and the reality of life in America before praising the Civil Rights Bill for outlawing such differences. Lyndon B. Johnson Civil Rights. ", Says Beto ORourke "has a criminal record that includes DWI and burglary arrests. To understand why Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 one must understand his background. ", Says that in Texas, "you can be too gay to adopt" a foster child "who needs a loving home. By email, Betty Koed, an associate historian for the Senate, said that according to information compiled by the Senate Library, in "the rare cases when" such "bills came to a roll call vote, it appears that" Johnson "consistently voted against" them or voted to stop consideration. ", Says Beto ORourke described police as "modern-day Jim Crow.". The bill prohibited job discrimination on the basis of race, sex, color, religion, or national origin, ended segregation in public places, and the unequal application of voting requirements. 2 By Ted Gittinger and Allen Fisher In an address to a joint session of Congress on November 27, 1963, President Lyndon Johnson requested quick action on a civil rights bill. Just pretend youre a goddamn piece of furniture.". The event is what ultimately pressured Kennedy into announcing the Civil Rights Act of 1963. Besides simply refusing to commit to outright desegregation, another way that public schools got around integrating was by increasing the number of ''segregation academies'' in the South. All rights reserved. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. The act was a response to the barriers that prevented African Americans from voting for nearly a century. Lyndon B. Johnson, in full Lyndon Baines Johnson, also called LBJ, (born August 27, 1908, Gillespie county, Texas, U.S.died January 22, 1973, San Antonio, Texas), 36th president of the United States (1963-69). Bush's Military Service. According to Johnson biographer Robert Caro, Johnson would calibrate his pronunciations by region, using "nigra" with some southern legislators and "negra" with others. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. TRUE The statement is accurate and theres nothing significant missing. President Lyndon B. Johnson, upon signing the Civil Rights Act. Molotovs action indicated that Cold War frictions between the United States and Russia were read more, On July 2, 1863, during the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Confederate General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia attacks General George G. Meades Army of the Potomac at both Culps Hill and Little Round Top, but fails to move the Yankees from their read more, The Second Continental Congress, assembled in Philadelphia, formally adopts Richard Henry Lees resolution for independence from Great Britain. In 1953, he became the youngest Senate Minority Leader in history. In 1807, the U.S. read more, On July 2, 1937, the Lockheed aircraft carrying American aviator Amelia Earhart and navigator Frederick Noonan is reported missing near Howland Island in the Pacific. Not only voting with the south to suppress civil rights bills but a political leader crafting the strategies which would be used to defeat such bills. In the Senate, Johnson's two strongest allies were Senator Hubert Humphrey, a Democrat from Minnesota, and Minority Leader Everett Dirkson, a Republican from Illinois. Recordings of the president's phone conversations reveal his tireless campaign to wrangle lawmakers in favor of the controversial bill. We need your help. After making it out of committee, they debated it for nine days. stated on February 2, 2023 in a radio interview. So no matter what you are called, nigger, you just let it roll off your back like water, and youll make it. President Lyndon B Johnson discusses the Voting Rights Act with civil rights campaigner . It also included provisions for black voter registration. President Johnson is flanked by members of Congress and civil rights leaders, including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Rep. Peter Rodino of New Jersey standing behind him. Official govt docs expose Michelle Obamas 14 year history as a man., "Woody Harrelsons 60 seconds in the middle of his monologue was cut out of the edits released after the show., BREAKING Trump preps Marines to stop presidential coup.. Segregation on the basis of race, religion or national origin was banned in all public places, including parks, restaurants, churches, courthouses, theaters, sports arenas, and hotels. Many Southerners, both in the KKK and not, were resistant to integration, sometimes violently so, like in the case of three murdered civil rights workers during Mississippi's Freedom Summer. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, more than 100 years after the end of the Civil War, sought to finally guarantee the equality of all races and creeds in the United States. The bomb went off just after 11:00 and did the most damage in the basement, where five little girls were at their Sunday School class.

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